VOLUME 12, ISSUE 2
AHI President’s Note: A good portion of policy formulation in Washington DC is influenced by analysts and academics of think-tank institutions. As a service to our membership and constituency, and to gain an understanding of the position of other entities on our issues, the American Hellenic Institute attends and participates at policy forums or roundtable discussions to ensure the policy positions of the Greek-American community are represented.
Accordingly, AHI’s Capital Report is a timely synopsis of recent policy discussions in Washington to keep our members abreast of the latest developments. The content provided in AHI’s Capital Report is for informational purposes only, and does not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of AHI.
9th Greek Investment Forum | New York: Discussion with Ambassador Pyatt
Athex and the American-Hellenic Chamber of Commerce organized the 9th Greek Investment Forum | New York, June 15, 2020. One of the events of the forum featured a discussion between Geoffrey Pyatt, ambassador of the United States to the Hellenic Republic, and Fanis Papathanassiou, anchor and senior diplomatic editor, ERT Greek Public TV.
Much of the discussion focused on the Greek economy and U.S. investment in Greece. Ambassador Pyatt stated, “COVID has provided a short-term shock, but it does not change the long-term strategic interests of the United States or our engagement in Greece.”
Ambassador Pyatt elaborated with the success of the Syros Shipyard investment and reiterated support for the strategic Elefsina and Alexandroupoli investments. Along these lines, he hailed other key investments from U.S. companies, such as Microsoft, as well as the high-tech transformation and commitment to reforms shown by the Greek government. The ambassador also commented on the Hellinikon Project as an enormous investment in a critical sector to the Greek economy, tourism, and stated its success can send the signal the Greek government is able to cut through its biggest roadblock to investment, bureaucracy. Ambassador Pyatt commented that he is optimistic in the opportunity for a “V-shaped” economic recovery in Greece, based on the reputation gains from the successful handling of the pandemic.
During the discussion, Ambassador Pyatt hailed U.S.-Greece relations on multiple fronts and reiterated U.S. support for Greece, saying, “The United States is absolutely committed to our alliance relationship with Greece.” He credited all parties and administrations involved in strengthening bilateral ties, investment, and the strategic defense relationship.
The final topic of discussion was Turkey. In response to Turkish provocations, Ambassador Pyatt stated, “The United States is interested, like Greece is interested, in having the Turkey issue managed in a way that doesn’t detract from the Prime Minister’s focus, which is investment, growing the economy, driving economic growth, and leveraging the fantastic opportunities that Greece should have going forward, both as a successful member of the Eurozone, but also as Europe’s gateway to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East.” He added he would like to see Turkey and Greece have an ally-like relationship and keep Turkey steadfast in NATO.
Link to full event: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOd_xFjvgsY
The 9th Annual Greek Investment Forum
The 9th Annual Greek Investment Forum took place virtually on June 15, 2020 through the American-Hellenic Chamber of Commerce. There were two speakers that mentioned issues of interest to U.S.-Greece relations and investment relations in general during this forum. Adonis Georgiadis, minister of Development and Investments for the Hellenic Republic, opened with remarks about major ongoing development projects in Greece, including Hellenikon and tenders for the ports of Kavala and Alexandroupoli. He highlighted how U.S. venture capital firm Blackstone purchased hotels on the Greek islands and the Onex Syros shipyard was revived with the help of U.S. investment as signs the country is becoming friendlier to work with and plans to expand reforms for making business more efficient going forward.
Secondly, Alex Patelis, chief economic adviser to the Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic, raised a possible new form of collaboration with Greece and the United States to the audience. Simultaneously to this live forum, he noted Prime Minister Mitsotakis was having “a teleconference with 20-odd representatives of U.S. universities who are interested in developing relationships with Greek universities.” He mentioned joint programs and the opportunity for learning other languages as possible sources of collaboration. He elaborated on different forms of tourism and how to bring more people into the country overall. Lastly, he explained that during the past economic crisis about 800,000 Greeks left and that the new image they want to portray after this crisis is one of job security and working on drawing them back. a
The talk can be viewed in its entirety here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOd_xFjvgsY
Further Reading on the mentioned U.S. Companies investing in Greece:
2. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/chatsworth-securities-llc-comes-agreement-140000389.html
3. https://gr.usembassy.gov/onex-syros-shipyard-inauguration/
AJC Virtual Global Forum: Greece, Israel, and the Eastern Mediterranean, a One-on-One Discussion with Kyriakos Mitsotakis, Prime Minister of Greece
The American Jewish Committee (AJC) Virtual Global Forum hosted, “Greece, Israel, and the Eastern Mediterranean,” a one-on-one discussion with Kyriakos Mitsotakis, prime minister of Greece, and David Harris, AJC chief executive officer, Edward and Sandra Meyer Office of the CEO, June 16, 2020.
The discussion began with the state of the Greek-Israeli bilateral relations, which Prime Minister Mitsotakis commended as being stronger than ever. He added the relationship has common foreign policy goals as well as containing important defense and economic dimensions. The prime minister also noted he believes that economic cooperation can be strengthened further, and he is looking to attract Israeli foreign direct investment into Greece. He concluded by saying that Israel is a close friend of Greece and can count on Greece’s support.
The conversation then transitioned into a discussion of the wider Eastern Mediterranean region. It was noted that there is a “stable triangle” (i.e. Greece, Cyprus, and Israel) surrounded by tension, mainly originating from Turkey. Prime Minister Mitsotakis acknowledged a complicated relationship exists with Turkey, but also expressed that dialogue is possible when it is built on a foundation of trust and respect for international law. He also commented this has not happened as Turkey has aggressively challenged the exclusive economic zone of Cyprus and the territorial sovereignty of Greece. Additionally, Prime Minster Mitsotakis stated, “…there is a better understanding in the United States regarding the strategic importance of the Eastern Mediterranean,” and that, “The Greek-American relationship is as strong as it ever was.” He then called upon Washington and Brussels to take additional steps to ensure the region moves toward enhanced cooperation rather than disruption and instability.
The discussion ended with a narrower focus, speaking on issues more specific to Greece. Among the issues raised were the extremist Golden Dawn political party and anti-Semitism in Greece. Prime Minister Mitsotakis responded by commenting that Greece experienced a turbulent decade which fueled extremism, and Golden Dawn was the most disgusting of the extremists, by far. However, he also stated Greece has turned the page, and extremists, such as Golden Dawn, are being pushed back into obscurity. The prime minister also recognized that the threat is not over, and that Greece must remain vigilant to not allow a reappearance of such groups.
In closing remarks, David Harris commended Greece for its “remarkable turnaround,” its handling of COVID-19 pandemic, and its strengthened relations with the United States and Israel. Prime Minister Mitsotakis concluded by thanking the AJC and the Greek American community for their important work in the U.S.
Link to full discussion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkbJOlHgzHE
Eastern Mediterranean Security Studies Program Summaries:
“Eastern Mediterranean to the Black Sea and Eurasian Stability”
The Institute of Eastern Mediterranean Studies at Emmanuel College in cooperation with the Constantine G. Karamanlis Chair in Hellenic and European Studies and the Institute of International Relations hosted Dr. Antonia Colibasanu for a presentation, “Eastern Mediterranean to the Black Sea and Eurasian Stability.” The lecture took place on June 23, 2020 as part of the week-long Eastern Mediterranean Security Studies Program: EastMed Security in the Age of Covid-19 & 10 Years After the Arab Spring and Eurozone Crisis.
Dr. Colibasanu provided a brief overview of the field of geopolitics and its emphasis on the behavior of nation-states. She also explained how many of the critical intersection points studied in geopolitics reside in or point to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. These points are not only important for driving stability, but also for acting as global supply chains. Dr. Colibasanu also described how differences and desires to expand spheres of influence create conflicts.
After the broad introduction to geopolitics, the presentation shifted focus to the Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean and the discussion included Turkey. Dr. Colibasanu explained how Turkey has the imperative to keep itself stable because of its critical geographic location. However, she also stated it is becoming increasingly dangerous as it increases in prosperity. This is due to Turkey’s expansionist strategy to expand its influence over the region in an attempt to become a regional power. Despite this ambition, Dr. Colibasanu noted Turkey does not have the military capability nor the political stability to project its power through conflict. She argued that Turkey needs external partners and that it has been balancing on a thin line between the United States and Russia. Dr. Colibasanu also commented on the current tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean, stating that Turkey has taken a “Russia-like” approach to the situation and is attempting to become a regional hub through flexing its might.
The event included a formal “Q&A.”
Link to full discussion: https://www.facebook.com/iemsec/videos/316402606042046/?__so__=channel_tab&__rv__=all_videos_card
“Greek-Turkish Relations Transformed”
The Institute of Eastern Mediterranean Studies at Emmanuel College in cooperation with the Constantine G. Karamanlis Chair in Hellenic and European Studies and the Institute of International Relations hosted Dr. Dimitris Tsarouhas for a presentation, “Greek-Turkish Relations Transformed.” The lecture took place on June 23, 2020 as part of the week-long Eastern Mediterranean Security Studies Program: EastMed Security in the Age of Covid-19 & 10 Years After the Arab Spring and Eurozone Crisis.
Dr. Tsarouhas provided a historical context for the Greece-Turkey relationship. He stated the Cold War was a key period in shaping the relationship. During this time, both countries were key NATO participants and could count on the U.S. as a mediator of bilateral conflict and guarantor of anti-communism. As a result, Dr. Tsarouhas argued that the Greece-Turkey relationship could be regarded as a “frozen conflict.”
Following the Cold War era, Dr. Tsarouhas explained how there was widespread “Europeanization” and a rise in diplomacy. However, despite positive talks and gestures, there was still continuity from the Cold War relationship. He stated the bilateral conflict was still fundamentally one over sovereignty, the U.S. still played a key role in the region, and the West still had leverage over Turkey through Western alliances and institutions. Additionally, during this time, Dr. Tsarouhas stated the bilateral conflict now became a Europe-Turkey conflict as Greece integrated into Europe.
Dr. Tsarouhas transitioned to how current Greek-Turkish relations have transformed. He explained how the worldwide rise in populism and nationalism has drastically impacted Turkey and the country’s Western orientation is doubtful to non-existent. Additionally, Dr. Tsarouhas noted the hydrocarbon exploration of the region has worsened bilateral ties and fueled regional instability. He argued that Greece approaches the situation through respect for international law and good neighborly relations while Turkey tries to expand its influence through power politics. Dr. Tsarouhas stated these fundamentally different approaches are incompatible with cooperation.
In conclusion, Dr. Tsarouhas explained that Greek-Turkish relations are in yet another transformative phase and that domestic changes in Turkey, Western withdrawal from the region, and hydrocarbon developments in the Eastern Mediterranean contribute additional layers to an already complicated relationship.
The lecture also featured a brief “Q&A.”
Link to full discussion: https://www.facebook.com/iemsec/videos/862686120893530/?__so__=channel_tab&__rv__=all_videos_card
“Soft Power and Religious Diplomacy in EastMed Geopolitics: Identity, Power, Sovereignty”
The Institute of Eastern Mediterranean Studies at Emmanuel College in cooperation with the Constantine G. Karamanlis Chair in Hellenic and European Studies and the Institute of International Relations hosted Dr. Elizabeth Prodromou, Fletcher School for Law and Diplomacy, for a presentation, “Soft Power and Religious Diplomacy: Identity, Power, Sovereignty.” The lecture took place on June 26, 2020 as part of the week-long Eastern Mediterranean Security Studies Program: EastMed Security in the Age of Covid-19 & 10 Years After the Arab Spring and Eurozone Crisis.
Dr. Prodromou provided a broad introduction to the field of geopolitics. She explained how geopolitics is a core term used by academics, policymakers, and the media, and defined it as the study and practice of the relationship between geography and power. She continued by describing how the field can be further broken down into two distinct schools of thought—classical and critical. In relation to the Eastern Mediterranean, Dr. Prodromou stated how the region’s geopolitical significance derives from its position as the intersection point of Europe, Asia, and Africa and its implications for global hegemony.
Next, Dr. Prodromou shifted her attention to explaining power typologies. During which she identified the four types of power (hard, soft, smart, and sharp) and described their definitions. In short, Dr. Prodromou stated that power is the influence over another actor’s behavior which serves the influencer’s interests.
The focus of the lecture switched to a description of how soft power and religious diplomacy is employed to produce change in geographic spaces by state and non-state actors alike. Dr. Prodromou explained how religious diplomacy offers flexibility to operate at many levels and to mobilize resources that cut across the boundaries of states. Additionally, she stated this type of soft power can either reinforce or undermine state sovereignty, which itself is based on political authority and territorial boundaries. Finally, Dr. Prodromou offered a big-picture explanation of how actors deploy the use of religious diplomacy to make claims on geography and/or ideas within or beyond state boundaries.
Dr. Prodromou then offered examples of how Turkey, Russia, and the United States employ religious diplomacy in the Eastern Mediterranean to serve their interests. She began by examining Turkey’s behaviors. Dr. Prodromou described how Turkey is utilizing religion as an identity to justify its “Neo-Ottoman” ambitions to regain hegemony over its former Ottoman territories. She also explained how it ties into Turkish ambitions for power in the Muslim world by projecting itself as the protector of Islam. Similarly, in the case of Russia, Dr. Prodromou stated that religious diplomacy is being used as a tool by Putin for his geostrategic interests and to project Russian power over the Eastern Mediterranean. Additionally, she explained how the Moscow Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church is attempting to replace the Ecumenical Patriarchate through religious diplomacy, disruption, and disinformation tactics. Finally, Dr. Prodromou identified how the United States has used religious diplomacy in the region to advocate for favorable policies. The ultimate goal being to encourage religious diversity and inclusion, laying the foundation for democracy, economic development, and respect for the rule of law in the region.
The lecture concluded with a brief “Q-&-A” session.
Link to full discussion: https://www.facebook.com/iemsec/videos/2734869433414495/?__so__=channel_tab&__rv__=all_videos_card
Panel Discussion 1 from The Emmanuel College Institute of Eastern Mediterranean weeklong digital forum entitled: “The Role of International Organizations in the Eastern Mediterranean”
The Emmanuel College Institute of Eastern Mediterranean Studies hosted a weeklong digital forum entitled, “The Role of International Organizations in the Eastern Mediterranean” that took place June 22 to 27, 2020. At the end of the week, two panel discussions were held to summarize the topics covered during the forum.
The first panel focused on the role of institutions in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Panelist Dr. Dimitris Keridis discussed Libya’s pivotal role in the region, and more specifically, how Europe has been absent and how Turkey and Russia have aimed to fill the void of power. Europe, NATO, and the U.S. are all actors that can play a bigger role if they wish to do so but so far, they have remained at a certain distance from the ongoing conflict. He mentioned how they could unify their interests and have one voice when negotiating but this has not happened to date. Lastly, when it comes to Greece’s role, he stated, “History, geography, has put us at the forefront.”
Panelist Dr. Nicolas Prevelakis spoke about Mediterranean unity, unresolved conflicts, and refugee issues that highlight the importance of cooperation across countries. In assessing the situation, Panelist Ino-Despina Afentouli said, “We don’t have to be catastrophic.” She explained the value of democratic institutions and how to think of models of governance that work for different countries instead of trying to apply the exact EU model for example onto other regions. She also highlighted the limits to the successes of NATO and stressed how the EU can develop more compatibility with other cultures and religions if it wants to be more resilient and open to changing dynamics in the region.
Ambassador Vesko Garcevic opened with the rhetorical question that countries must ask themselves if they want democracy or stability. He discussed the different mechanisms in place to relieve geopolitical tensions and how the soft power of the EU can be used to bring positive developments with other countries in the region. Afentouli offered a similar perspective and explained how democracy can have different outcomes but that free elections are still important despite their inherent uncertainty. Afentouli added her thoughts about the focus the U.S. has had on the big powers acting in the Eastern Mediterranean region, namely China and Russia.
Dr. Keridis remarked on the value of democratic and legal institutions, stating, “Institutions have problems, but the world would be much worse without them.” He highlighted the importance of rational moderate leadership as a response to the populist phases recently seen in Europe. He added there was an initial enthusiasm for positive reforms with the election of Erdogan but that recent behaviors by the Turkish government have shifted relations between Greece and Turkey. Dr. Keridis provided his thoughts on what, if any, concerns there should be about China and its investments turning economic power into geopolitical and military issues. Lastly, he explained his belief the 2020 United States Presidential election will be pivotal for NATO. Afentouli highlighted how the U.S. can help set the tone for the region and added that “Europe is not enough” to deal with these regional issues that involve global interests.
Talks from the entire week of the forum can be found on the institute’s Facebook page at the following link: https://www.facebook.com/pg/iemsec/videos/
Panel Discussion 2 from The Emmanuel College Institute of Eastern Mediterranean weeklong digital forum entitled: “The Role of International Organizations in the Eastern Mediterranean”
The Emmanuel College Institute of Eastern Mediterranean Studies recently hosted a weeklong digital forum entitled: “The Role of International Organizations in the Eastern Mediterranean” that took place on June 22 to 27, 2020. At the end of the week, two panel discussions were held to summarize the topics covered during the forum. The second panel of which focused on the broader context of the current state of the Eastern Mediterranean, 10 Years after the Eurozone crisis and the Arab Spring.
Panelist Petros Vamvakas explained the current situation as a decade after Eurozone crisis and the Arab Spring events. Recent developments such as hydrocarbons and energy, democratization after the Arab awakening, and the rise of populist and nationalist forces in Europe have greatly contributed to the dynamic paths of the region. American interventions in the early 2000s regarding Libya and Syria have more recently been replaced by a greater presence of China, Russia, and Turkey.
Panelist Dr. Arvanitopoulos spoke about the end of the unipolar American supremacy, and the institutional uncertainty that this reality brings. He said, “We are witnessing a systematic transition from a unipolar moment to a polycentric world.” This polycentric world includes the economic emergence of China and the geopolitical return of Russia. He also cited the general abdication of American administration in the broader area, and about the erratic foreign policy that started in Obama’s presidency. He warned of a new normal, that the threat of use of force is a legitimate tool of foreign policy in the current situation in the Eastern Mediterranean. Newly discovered resources such as the hydrocarbons close to Cyprus have divided instead of united the region. He concluded, “Many parameters in the region that have caused this new era of instability.” Turkey, which he says has been considered historically by the West as a model of regional democratic stability has shifted to having some more authoritarian and revisionist policies. He described what he believes is a transactional approach in American foreign policy. One issue of concern Dr. Arvanitopoulos highlighted was the relationship between Trump and Erdogan. The appeasement of Trump toward Erdogan on Syria, Libya, the Kurds, and S-400 sanctions are some of the examples of the concerns he cited. He closed his opening comments with a general outlook of pessimism for Greece and Turkey’s relations. He believes we are entering a pre-revolutionary period with unknown consequences.
Panelist Dr. Sotiris Roussos spoke about the need for a clear development plan for the East Med region and how this economic support is also important for a comprehensive peace plan. He described the creation of state-like structures and the basic services they are providing in the absence of traditional states. European council of foreign relations being ready to stabilize Idlib, and to discuss terrorism and migration concerns as they relate to EU border countries like Greece and Italy.
Dr. Prodromou provided a broader context for the economic and social issues highlighted in the forum. She mentioned how the dismantling of Glass-Steagall would go on to change banking and global order. This has led to the emergence, consolidation, and break up of predatory capitalism and has contributed to issues of economic equality and equity across the world. She noted an increase in the brittleness of political institutions, legitimacy associated with democracy, and the disturbing tendency of groups to instrumentalize identity. Lastly, she mentioned how the Covid-19 pandemic has been a lens that has magnified trends that have been going for years.
Regarding the countries involved in the region, Dr. Prodromou emphasized that China has a long-term geostrategic horizon in the region of the Eastern Mediterranean. Dr. Roussos added that China is very cautious about where it is expanding its finances, and that it views non-conflict areas as areas for investment. On Russia’s actions, Dr. Prodromou stated she believes it is, “A mistake to equate action with strength.” Dr. Arvanitopoulos emphasized that Russia as a devolving power can play a spoiling role and use modern tactics such as cyber warfare to cause disturbances. Regarding the United States’ role in the region, Dr. Prodromou noted that it depends on the capacity and the will of the U.S. to engage as a transatlantic player. Israel is also in a period of transition. Plans to annex the West Bank and the movement of the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv has led to scrutiny from countries worldwide. She also cited how Secretary of State Michael Pompeo’s visit to Israel addressed concerns regarding China as another example about China’s greater activism. Dr. Arvanitopoulos added that the foreign policy establishment in Washington has changed its perception of Turkey and has shifted toward a classification of unreliable ally after incidents related to the Iraq war, Syria, and the Kurdish fighters in the region. The disharmony between institutions in the U.S. has been shown with different strategies coming from the Trump administration and the State Department itself.
Dr. Prodromou also addressed the current state of Lebanon, how Hezbollah has become more self-funded within the country, and what countries are doing in response to Iranian influence. She stated that we should “Recognize the change in nature of security in the region.” With this recognition she recommended broadening ideas of development for the region, including non-traditional threats, and a more nuanced use of power. This will allow states that will contribute to stability to be effective.
Dr. Arvanitopoulos highlighted the historical context of the Treaty of Lausanne and how Greece is forced to negotiate sovereignty while Turkey does not feel constrained by the liberal order norms. He saw parallels between 1974 and Watergate and the current introverted U.S. administration that seems to be turning more toward domestic, economic, and social concerns instead of foreign policy.
Dr. Prodromou highlighted how defense industry interests and military strategy have come to dominate U.S. dealings with Turkey. She also noted a memorandum of understanding that Turkey has discussed for the U.S. to sign that would designate cultural heritage back to antiquity. She said that this decision should be examined properly after considering the cultural heritage management regarding the Hagia Sophia, the cleansing of religious and cultural heritage in the so-called TRNC, and the new occupation space of northern Syria.
In closing, Dr. Prodromou added that it is currently hard to be optimistic with the varied conceptions of the region and the broad multi-state, non-state relationships that exist and are developing. Staving off major conflict should be a goal as more countries favor diplomatic and economic solutions. But this effort to stave off conflict is hampered by increasingly brittle states with diminished capacity to manage problems that transcend state borders. When it comes to new state formations, she stated how history has shown that partition does not work and that ends up leaving people behind.
Dr. Arvanitopoulos concluded that the various elements of instability in the region including sectarian, religious, identity issues combined with migration, civil wars, nuclear proliferation are reasons to be concerned. In the end, he remarked that political rights, rule of law, human freedoms should be the main priority when discussing and dealing with the current situation in the Eastern Mediterranean, ten years after the Eurozone and Arab Spring.
Talks from the entire week of the forum can be found on the institute’s Facebook page at the following link: https://www.facebook.com/pg/iemsec/videos/
Dialogues on American Foreign Policy and World Affairs: A Conversation with Former Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken
The Hudson Institute hosted an online video event titled, “Dialogues on American Foreign Policy and World Affairs: A Conversation with Former Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken,” July 9, 2020. Antony Blinken is a former U.S. deputy secretary of state and former U.S. deputy national security advisor. He currently serves as a chief foreign policy advisor for Vice President Biden’s presidential campaign. Hudson Institute Distinguished Fellow Walter Russell Mead moderated the event.
The conversation began with a discussion on what the foreign policy agenda of a Biden administration would entail, if elected. Blinken said it would largely depend on the world which the new administration inherited. He described how the world is full of shifting alliances and centers of power, and, in his opinion, is the most challenging international landscape in decades. However, Blinken expressed the belief that the U.S. can still shape the world for the better by reassuming its place as a global leader and by recommitting itself to cooperate with allies.
The discussion shifted focus to U.S. bilateral and regional policies. Blinken discussed the future of the U.S.-China relationship, and he reemphasized the need for U.S. leadership, cooperation with partners, and investment in American competitiveness. He also explained how the role of the Middle East has changed in American foreign policy, but that its commitment to Israel and the need to reenter an agreement with Iran remain constant. Blinken also addressed longstanding American foreign policy issues such as U.S.-Russia relations and U.S. policy toward Latin America.
Also mentioned in the conversation was U.S. relations with Turkey. Blinken acknowledged that Turkey is located in a challenging area and has been a difficult partner, but also explained that it is a vitally important country for many U.S. initiatives in the region. He expressed the need to engage with Turkey in clear, direct talks between Biden and Erdogan to find common ground. Blinken also recognized there are diverging interests between the two countries that must be overcome to strengthen cooperation, and said, “…we obviously want to find a way to have a more productive and positive relationship with Turkey, but that requires the Turkish government itself to want the same thing.”
The event concluded with Blinken addressing the current overarching global issues. These topics included: the conflict in Libya, international trade, and climate change.
Link to the event page and video stream: https://www.hudson.org/events/1840-video-event-dialogues-on-american-foreign-policy-and-world-affairs-a-conversation-with-former-deputy-secretary-of-state-antony-blinken72020
Will Hagia Sophia Survive? Get the behind the headlines
The Orthodox Christian Network held a virtual forum on July 9, 2020 with special guests Dr. Elizabeth H. Prodromou of the Fletcher School at Tufts University and Mustafa Akyol of Cato Institute. Father Christopher Metropulos moderated the discussion.
Dr. Elizabeth Prodromou highlighted how the dwindling Christian population within Turkey view their church sites as a sign of their historic presence. The Christian community historically included Greek, Armenian, and Syriac groups. Other religious minorities such as the Jewish community and Muslims not in the majority sect also face difficulties in exercising their beliefs within the modern country. Places have historic meaning and altering them has geopolitical consequences. She highlighted a need to move beyond tolerance towards respect, citing the conversion of Orthodox churches in Turkish-occupied Cyprus to non-religious purposes. She mentioned how there has been a shift in foreign policy since 2014 for Turkey and that recent actions have increased tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean. Natural gas prospects, the purchase of Russian S-400s, and Turkey’s involvement in Libya has brought Greece and Turkey at odds over the past several months. Akyol elaborated on this shift as well. He explained how Erdogan in the beginning of his term wanted to fix things, be more ecumenical, working with the EU, and passing laws beneficial to Christian minorities
Dr. Prodromou also elaborated on the consequences for converting Hagia Sophia into a mosque and the negative effects for the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Akyol also highlighted how images are not found in mosques, so the conversion could see the covering up of the remaining Byzantine mosaics. He stated how the move also could negatively affect Turkey, and the possibility of sanctions from the United States. She emphasized that she believes diplomatic tools exist to deal with this and that these tools would be the most effective way for the U.S. to act. President Trump is seen as friendly with Erdogan as evidenced by the U.S. response to Turkey’s military strategy in Syria. The Defense Department, State Department through Pompeo, and the White House are the main points of contact to discuss with Turkey. Akyol explained his belief that religion and nationalism combined are not good in any situation. He mentioned how he thinks that it might be hard to find a specific human rights violation in this specific situation. Lastly, he said that he believes Trump calling Erdogan could possibly be more effective than international institutions trying to intervene.
The entire talk can be found here: https://myocn.net/will-hagia-sophia-survive-get-the-behind-the-headlines/
Transatlantic COVID-19 Cooperation
The U.S. Embassy in Athens in cooperation with the U.S. Department of State and Meridian International Center hosted an online webinar, “Transatlantic COVID-19 Cooperation,” as part of the U.S. Speaker Series: Atlantic Voices, July 13, 2020. The event featured Geoffrey Pyatt, U.S. ambassador to Greece, and Damon Wilson, executive vice president of the Atlantic Council. Aristotle Tziampiris, professor of International Relations and chair of the Department of International and European Studies at the University of Piraeus and Spyridon Litsas, professor of International Relations Theory at the University of Macedonia in Thessaloniki, moderated the discussion.
In his opening statements, Ambassador Pyatt spoke enthusiastically about how the U.S.-Greece strategic relationship has deepened. He said he is proud of how the United States and Greece have worked together during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly noting the role of private U.S. technology companies in collaborating with the Greek government to help mitigate the crisis. Ambassador Pyatt stated he believes the reputational gains of Greece’s handing of the pandemic will benefit the country as it begins its economic recovery. The ambassador also explained the crisis has emphasized the need to focus on the power competition occurring in the Eastern Mediterranean, highlighting the potentially destabilizing influence of China and Russia. He concluded, “I am very proud of where we are with the U.S.-Greece relationship today. The relationship as a whole is better than it’s ever been,” and that he is working every day to continue to strengthen the partnership.
Damon Wilson also emphasized the strength of the U.S-Greece relationship and added that more can be done to further the two countries’ common agenda. His presentation offered a broader projection of a post-COVID world. Wilson explained how the United States and the world can find opportunity in a time of crisis. He believes the U.S. and its allies can work together to recover from the pandemic, then reinvent the international system that governs world affairs. In his reimagined post-COVID world, Wilson explained how enhanced global public health cooperation, an economic system that prioritizes inclusive growth, and the spread of democracy and unity could usher the world into a new age. This rejuvenated system, he stated, would not only be prosperous, but also better equipped to combat democratic backsliding, disinformation, and other modern threats.
The discussion concluded with a Q&A segment during which the participants had the opportunity to address a wide array of issues, such as the role of Turkey in the region, France’s increased presence in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the future of the U.S.-EU relationship.
Link to view full event: https://www.facebook.com/USEmbassyAthens/videos/3035758216501993/
The American Hellenic Chamber of Commerce hosts: A roundtable discussion on the Greece’s Geopolitical Role as Pillar of Stability and Cooperation
The American-Hellenic Chamber of Commerce hosted a live virtual roundtable discussion titled, “The Geopolitical Role of Greece as Pillar of Stability,” July 16, 2020. The session featured two panels. The first panel was entitled, “Geopolitical developments in the Eastern Mediterranean and Greece’s international role at diplomatic and defense level.” Athanasios Platias, professor of Strategy from the University of Piraeus, moderated the event.
Nikolaos Panagiotopoulos, Greece’s minister of National Defense, opened with a strategic overview of the region, the sources of instability, regional competition, the intervention of great powers, and the destabilizing role of Turkey’s actions in the region. Minister Panagiotopoulos stated, “The Eastern Mediterranean security environment today is characterized by at least three interconnected dynamics: the recent hydrocarbons discoveries off the coasts of Israel, Cyprus and Egypt, the geopolitical competitions - imbalances of power, and the increased interest in the area from external powers.” He added the current state of affairs is that “Turkey is further escalating tension in our region. Except for its intervention in Syria, Ankara has been significantly involved in Libya, by providing substantial support with personnel and armaments to one of the two conflicting parties and managed to convince the GNA to sign the two illegal MOUs.”
Margaritis Schinas, the European Commission’s vice president for Promoting our European Way of Life, presented from the EU perspective, discussing how Turkey, Syria, Libya, and energy security concern the EU. “The EU and Greece are, and I think are determined to remain, a pillar of stability and cooperation.” Being ready to act in order to defend the EU member states and staying committed to international laws. Inclusive dialogue will remain key, and that stressed that dialogue is the norm when the EU deals with its countries. He explained the EU is trying to build a cooperative environment with Turkey, with a prerequisite that provocative efforts in the East Med are stopped. He emphasized that while constructive dialogues are preferred, firm action will be taken if provocative actions continue to be taken. He concluded Greece has been demonstrating a responsible and effective stance that has been widely recognized on the issue of borders and immigration. Lastly, with U.S.-Greece relations, he stated the EU-U.S. relationship is the most important partnership in the world. The transatlantic relationship counts for almost half of the world’s GDP. Despite disagreements, the U.S. has promoted its interests and shown its diplomatic, economic, and security support through the provisions of the East Med Act that Congress passed.
U.S. Ambassador to Greece Geoffrey Pyatt highlighted a few points about the U.S.-Greece relations hip. He emphasized relations are at a highpoint and that a stronger and more secure Greece is in the U.S. interests. The partnerships with American industry were also highlighted, especially with defense sector companies such as Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, and Pratt and Whitney. Regarding the European and American models of democracy and justice as a road to peace and prosperity he said, “We cannot forget the attractiveness of that model.” New rising powers such as China and Russia are offering different models of society and economy. Ambassador Pyatt stated how the Euro-Atlantic model is the surest route to peace and prosperity, and Greece is one of the countries that can support this overall route.
Alexandros Diakopoulos, then-National Security Advisor to the Prime Minister of Greece, explained how Greece has a wider historical perspective in the region and this continues with the current importance of shipping to the Greek economy. “Almost 20% of the world’s shipping activity flows through the Mediterranean,” he said. Regarding the control of pipelines, he said that “If Turkey manages to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean, it will dominate the waterbed pipelines and the sea lines of communication, then Europe will be completely hostage...”. He concluded highlighting that Greece can support overall stability in the region, “provided that it receives the necessary support from the U.S. and the European Union, Greece is willing to play its role.”
On the European and U.S perspectives, European Commission Vice President Schinas and Ambassdor Pyatt both offered their thoughts. Schinas explained how there are multiple actors and that there is still an evolutionary state of geopolitics in the region. He highlighted how soft power and economic control can be used to change the landscape of the Eastern Mediterranean. He emphasized how “responsible leadership” is necessary in the region and how the Euro-Atlantic commonalities can be used to promote good governance instead of theatrics and unilateral movements. Ambassador Pyatt explained, “...the American hope is that we can see, over time, the Eastern Mediterranean evolve toward a region of peaceful cooperation, including critically on the energy issues.” He added the 3+1 agreements and the Eastern Mediterranean Security and Energy Partnership Act are tangible signs of U.S. support for peace and prosperity in the region.
To conclude, Minister Panagiotopoulos explained how upgrades and maintenance are taking place within the armed forces. He elaborated that setting clear priorities, following the legal steps for defense procurement, and working within financial parameters, were crucial to this process. He also commented about the crucial and historic nature of the U.S.-Greece relationship, “In the bilateral level, the U.S - Greek unwavering and strategic relationship is the result of the traditionally excellent relations of our people who share common values and principles of freedom, democracy, human rights and respect for International Law.”
Lastly, Diakopoulos stated, “... Greece is not going accept any violation of its sovereign rights on the basis of an unlawful and arbitrary memorandum of understanding.” He ended by emphasizing the critical mass of deterrent power available to Greece currently if it is necessary to be used.”
The entire talk can be found here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5pX21TAm9A&feature=youtu.be
“The Atlantic Council in Turkey and UNDP launch a joint report: “Turkey’s refugee resilience: Expanding and improving solutions for the economic inclusion of Syrians in Turkey”
The Atlantic Council in Turkey and United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Turkey launched a joint report on the economic inclusion of Syrians in Turkey entitled: “Turkey’s refugee resilience: Expanding and improving solutions for the economic inclusion of Syrians in Turkey”. A webinar to explain report took place July 17, 2020. Maria Ramos, news anchor, TRT World in Istanbul, moderated the event.
Damon Wilson, executive vice president at the Atlantic Council, opened with remarks about migration and refugee issues and how the Atlantic Council is working to support policy debates and understanding about the current situations in the world. He stated, “Since 2014, Turkey has hosted the world’s largest refugee population and has invested significant resources in ensuring access to health, education, employment, and social services systems for the Syrian refugees.” He explained how there is a great need to have this discussion due to the burden on countries that host refugees and the economic problems many countries are facing.
Mirjana Spoljaric, UNDP assistant administrator, highlighted how Turkey has accommodated refugees and tried to incorporate them into cities. The UNDP has humanitarian goals combined with long term strategies, providing jobs and social cohesion for the people displaced by crises such as the Syrian conflict. She explained how resilience is the key part of the agency’s support of the long-term prospects of the refugees. Opening the labor market for refugees has been a global example for humanitarian efforts to incorporate displaced people more fully into their new communities. She said, “Turkey has led the way in many aspects already and has done more than its share to host the largest refugee population in the world.” The current goal is to capitalize on the progress achieved, she added.
Yavuz Selim Kıran, deputy minister of Foreign Affairs for the Republic of Turkey, spoke about how there are displaced people are all around the world, and they deserve opportunities to be successful and be incorporated into their respective communities. He explained how Turkey is, “now the second largest provider of medical aid and assistance in the world.” Inclusive policies for refugees and how education is provided to many Syrian students were highlighted. He added how the intellectual community can help with solutions. “We have to work all together to prepare relevant humanitarian, security, and physical conditions as to encourage Syrians to go back.”
Claudio Tomasi, resident representative at UNDP Turkey, highlighted the importance of the report, showing the positive work done by Turkey to incorporate socio-economically the Syrian refugees. “Humanitarian assistance and informal work are not enough to foster resilience and self-reliance,” he said, adding that economic support and other forms of assistance are also necessary. He explained how the UNDP has implemented measures to support job creation and employability. COVID-19 has made things more difficult for refugees because many were working informally, but they have lost their jobs. This reinforces the policy options supported by the UNDP to provide formal employment options.
Ebru Ozdemir, chairwoman, Limak Investments, highlighted how the “private sector needs to be part of the solutions.” Governments address policy concerns but the private sector can support in other ways as well, she believes, adding the idea of refugee resilience is where the private sector can provide economic and technological support. Providing refugees with opportunities has given the private sector incentive to offer employment and resources to them. She explained how the private sector can do more and provide innovation along with enhancing the partnerships with public sector and global interest groups. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought new challenges, but they will pass, Ozdemir believes. She added that the existing challenges we face as a world will stay, and the situations still need to be addressed, and that the refugees should not be left behind during or after the pandemic. She also highlighted the engineering program underway that has provided education and coding skills to many women in Turkey.
Daniela Cicchella, deputy representative for the UNHCR in Turkey, spoke on the topic of access to work and how it empowers refugees. She explained the legal framework and how it can offer access to the labor market in Turkey as well as social security and wage protection. She highlighted the Global Compact on Refugees and how UN agencies, combined with the private sector, can provide real solutions for resilience. She concluded that job opportunities can be seen negatively from the native people but that joint efforts to incorporate them through labor can be a positive thing for all involved. She said Turkey can inspire other countries through over 50 good practices and measures undertaken in cooperation with the UNHCR. Lastly, she mentioned how progress can be made to include more refugee women in the labor market and provide opportunities for childcare and family services to facilitate this greater participation.
The entire talk can be found here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1JKwkwMDQ0&feature=youtu.be
Russian Influence Activities in Europe
The Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS) hosted an online event, “Russian Influence Activities in Europe,” July 20, 2020. The main topic of discussion was Russian influence in the United Kingdom.
The panelists included: Dame Karen Pierce DCMG, British ambassador to the United States, and Luke Harding, foreign correspondent and investigative journalist, The Guardian. Rachel Ellehuus, CSIS Europe deputy director and senior fellow, moderated, and Heather A. Conley, senior vice president for Europe, Eurasia, and the Arctic, made introductory remarks.
Conley stated Russia as well as China use influence activities as tools and, “…try to divide the United States from its most important allies.” The panelists elaborated, explaining that Russia implements these tools to serve two objectives, 1) weaken the UK internally and 2) diminish its place in the world. While the panelists agreed the UK has been resilient against such attacks, there are areas of vulnerabilities. As a result, the true effects of Russian influence will only be discernable over time. The panelists also noted there is no room for complacency because responses have to evolve with Russia’s ever-changing tactics.
The panelists also addressed the need for containment of Russian influence. In areas like the Balkans, where there has been a resurgence in Russian involvement, the speakers stated the EU and NATO must mobilize to counter Russian influence. They proposed measures such as providing governance, military, and economic support to better prepare countries, calling out Russian interference when it occurs, as well as fostering cooperation to share practices to combat influence activities.
The discussion was followed by a brief Q&A.
Link to event details and full discussion: https://www.csis.org/events/online-event-russian-influence-activities-europe
U.S. Rep. Dina Titus’ Testimony on Amendment 45
United States Representative Dina Titus (D-NV) provided testimony to the House Committee on Rules, July 22, 2020, in support of her amendment that had language to call for action from the State Department regarding the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque. Representative Titus highlighted its universal value, its service as a Greek Orthodox cathedral for over 1,000 years, and the significance of its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. She also shared a statement issued by Tony Perkins, of the vice chairman from the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF): “USCIRF condemns the unequivocal politicization of the Hagia Sophia, an architectural wonder that has for so long stood as a cherished testament to a complex history and rich diversity. Both Christians and Muslims alike ascribe great cultural and spiritual importance to the Hagia Sophia, whose universal value to humankind was reaffirmed with its inclusion in the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage List in 1985.”
Congresswoman Titus’ legislative language that accompanied the bipartisan-supported amendment encouraged the State Department to “denounce Turkey’s action to change the status of Hagia Sophia and to engage with Turkey for the purpose of returning its status to a museum.” The amendment can be found here: https://rules.house.gov/bill/116/hr-7608. In addition to Rep. Titus, U.S. Reps. Gus Bilirakis (R-FL), David Cicilline (D-RI), John Sarbanes (D-MD), Ted Deutch (D-FL), Brad Schneider (D-IL), Chris Pappas (D-NH), and Brad Sherman (D-CA) co-sponsored the amendment. She concluded by affirming the importance of Hagia Sophia’s architectural, cultural and spiritual heritage and the amendment will help to bring support of religious minorities and Greek Orthodox in Turkey and Christians around the world and respect for the site’s universal value to humankind.
The entire hearing can be found here: https://rules.house.gov/bill/116/hr-7608
"Turkey's National Security Strategy and Latest Security Developments in the Region"
The Turkish Heritage Organization (THO) hosted an online webinar event, “Turkey's National Security Strategy and Latest Security Developments in the Region,” July 28, 2020. The featured speaker of the event was Turkish Defense Minister Hulusi Akar. THO President Ali Cinar and TRT World News Anchor Ayca Aydogdu moderated the discussion.
Minister Akar shared his perspective on new security threats Turkey faces. He particularly called attention to terror groups who have exploited the pandemic and power vacuum in northern Syria to target Turkey. The defense minister stated that Turkey’s fight is only against terrorist organizations, not with any ethnic or minority groups, such as the Kurds. Minister Akar also spoke about the necessity to adapt and search for innovative ways to respond to modern threats.
Speaking more specifically about regional conflicts, Minister Akar described Turkey’s role in Syria and Libya, as well as its stance on the recent tensions between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Regarding Syria, the minister defended Turkey’s involvement in Syria and stated that Turkey fully respects the territorial integrity of all its neighbors. Furthermore, he claimed Turkey is not interested in occupying the territory or altering its demographics in any way. Similarly, he upheld Turkish involvement in Libya by describing Libya as Turkey’s neighbor across the Mediterranean with long historical links. Through its support of the Government of National Accord (GNA), he explained Turkey’s main goal is to assist the Libyan people and bring about a lasting peace through a viable political solution. Defense Minister Akar also claimed that heightened Armenian-Azeri tensions are the result of Armenian aggression and pledged his support for Azerbaijan’s territorial integrity.
Shifting focus, Minister Akar spoke briefly about current developments in the Eastern Mediterranean region. He incorrectly claimed that Turkey has the longest coastline in relation to the Mediterranean Sea. The minister also contested that Turkey has sovereign maritime rights under international law in the areas it claims. While not mentioning the trilateral Greece-Cyprus-Israel partnership or the Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum directly by name, Minister Akar declared that attempts to exclude Turkey are certain to fail. However, he did reference a willingness to achieve peace through dialogue. Finally, regarding Hagia Sophia, the minister reiterated the claim that it is the property of Turkey, and therefore it retains sovereign rights on the matter.
The final topic of discussion was Turkey’s relationship with the United States and NATO. Minister Akar said the U.S.-Turkey strategic relationship is built on common interests and values. He called on the U.S. to work with Turkey as its main strategic partner in the region. The minister disavowed recent policy developments in the U.S. that include possible sanctions against Turkey. However, he is optimistic about the future of the partnership, saying, “Although we have had differences recently, we must not forget that we have overcome challenges in the past and will continue to do so today.” The defense minister also stated that Turkey’s commitment to NATO is solid, saying, “NATO is central to Turkey’s security and Turkey is essential to NATO.” He also explained that Turkey places great importance on fulfilling its responsibilities to the Alliance. Minister Akar also claimed Turkey seeks to contribute to peace and stability in the region and the world through good neighborly relations and a commitment to international law.
Link to the event page and full discussion: https://www.turkheritage.org/en/events/turkeys-national-security-strategy-and-latest-security-developments-in-the-region-8680
The National Herald Interview with U.S. Senator Bob Menendez
The National Herald hosted a virtual, live interview with U.S. Senator Bob Menendez (D-NJ), July 29, 2020. The National Herald's Co-Editor and Publisher Eraklis Diamataris conducted the interview. The discussion focused on Greece, Cyprus, and other matters of U.S. foreign policy.
One of the main topics of discussion was the ceding of global leadership by the United States. Senator Menendez, who is the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, described the State Department as a skeleton of its former self. He admonished the Trump administration’s affinity for authoritarian leaders and its xenophobic rhetoric. The senator also explained that in times of crisis the United States always takes the lead. However, the COVID-19 pandemic, he said, has proved otherwise. This abdication of international leadership by the U.S. has disrupted relationships with allies, jeopardized national security, and opened the door for Russia and China to fill the void. Recognizing this, Senator Menendez stated that significant time and resources must be committed to restoring the United States’ status around the world.
Another topic of discussion was U.S. relations with Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus. Senator Menendez explained that there is an unwillingness in the United States to call out Turkey for its long list of provocative actions. He said that he supports the implementation of CAATSA sanctions and that “enough is enough” when it comes to the Trump administration’s inaction regarding Turkey. Similarly, he expressed his displeasure with the State Department’s unwillingness to hold Turkey accountable for its violations of Greek and Cypriot territorial integrity, saying, “Greece and Cyprus aren’t invading their own territorial waters, Turkey is.” The senator also described how European leaders have taken it upon themselves to deal with Erdogan and Turkey. Senator Menendez stated that despite President Trump’s frequent communication with Erdogan, little to no progress has been made regarding Turkey’s disruptive behavior, saying “…for Erdogan, he believes President Trump is in symphony with him, in terms of acting like an authoritarian figure.”
The interview ended with Senator Menendez speaking more generally about his advocacy for Greek and Cypriot causes. He stated that it was sparked from many personal relationships. He added he has an understanding of the struggle of the Cypriot people because of the similarities to his own family’s experiences as political refugees from Cuba.
Link to the event page and full discussion: https://www.thenationalherald.com/archive_politics_usa/arthro/sen_bob_menendez_talks_to_tnh_live_online_today-652352/
Senate Foreign Relations Committee: Review of the FY 2021 State Department Budget Request
The United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee held a full committee hearing, “Review of the FY 2021 State Department Budget Request,” July, 30, 2020. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo appeared as a witness to testify and answer questions posed by the committee. During opening remarks, Chairman Risch, Ranking Member Menendez, and Secretary Pompeo offered statements. Chairman Risch spoke about the need for the U.S. and its allies to work together to face foreign threats. He stated there is a long road ahead and that the United States and its diplomats must be prepared for a new era of “Great Power Competition.” Ranking Member Menendez voiced his concern regarding the secretary’s budget request. He stated that it is misguided to slash the department’s budget, especially when the U.S. has already ceded much of its global leadership role, alienated its allies, and undermined international institutions. Ranking Member Menendez provided his position that the Trump administration’s policies have adversely affected America’s status in the world. Following Ranking Member Menendez, Secretary Pompeo offered his testimony. He focused on how American diplomacy is utilized to project American values worldwide. The secretary then described, in-depth, his three main areas of focus: “Securing the American people’s freedoms against authoritarian threats. Securing American lives during the pandemic. And helping friends across the world secure their own unalienable rights.”
Following Secretary Pompeo’s opening statements, he answered questions from the committee. Ranking Member Menendez began by inquiring about Turkey’s acquisition of the Russian S-400 missile defense system. Noting that this behavior is in violation of U.S. law and a sanctionable offense, he asked, “…when will the Administration follow the law and impose CAATSA sanctions on Turkey?” Secretary Pompeo responded by stating that actions have been taken and that sanctions are being evaluated. He added, “Our end objective isn’t to punish, it’s to ensure that our NATO partner acts in a way that’s consistent with American national security and the security of our NATO partners as well.”
In addition to answering Ranking Member Menendez’s questions, Secretary Pompeo also took questions from the entire committee. The duration of the hearing mainly focused on American foreign policy regarding Russia, China, Iran, and Afghanistan.
Link to the full hearing:
https://www.foreign.senate.gov/hearings/review-of-the-fy-2021-state-department-budget-request-073020